IMPLICATIONS OF RESTRICTING THE USE OF FOOD STAMP BENEFITS - SUMMARY
By most standards, almost all American diets are in need of improvement. Given interest in using Federal
nutrition assistance programs to promote healthy choices, some suggest that food stamp recipients should
be prohibited from using their benefits to buy foods with limited nutritional value. However, there are
serious problems with the rationale, feasibility and potential effectiveness of this proposal.
No clear standards exist for defining foods as good or bad, or healthy or not healthy.
• Federal dietary guidance uniformly applies to the total diet – there are no widely accepted standards
to judge the “healthfulness” of individual foods.
• Foods contain many components that can affect health, and diets contain many foods. As a result, it
is challenging to determine whether – and the point at which – the presence or absence of desirable
nutrients outweighs the presence of nutrients to be avoided in ruling a food “in” or “out”.
Implementation of food restrictions would increase program complexity and costs.
• There are more than 300,000 food products on the market, and an average of 12,000 new products
were introduced each year between 1990 and 2000. The task of identifying, evaluating, and tracking
the nutritional profile of every food available for purchase would be substantial. The burden of
identifying which products met Federal standards would most likely fall on an expanded bureaucracy
or on manufacturers and producers asked to certify that their products meet Federal standards.
• Responsibility for enforcing compliance would rest in the hands of employees at check-out counters
in 160,000 stores across the nation. While many have modern scanning and inventory control
systems, others – especially small stores and specialty markets – do not.
• New effort would be needed to help participants avoid the rejection of purchases at the check-out
counter, an event with the potential to reduce productivity at the register and stigmatize participants.
Restrictions may be ineffective in changing the purchases of food stamp participants
• About 70 percent of all food stamp participants – those who receive less than the maximum benefit –
are expected to purchase a portion of their food with their own money. There is no guarantee that
restricting the use of food stamps would affect food purchases – other than substituting one form of
payment (cash) for another (food stamps).
No evidence exists that food stamp participation contributes to poor diet quality or obesity.
• There is no strong research-based evidence to support restricting food stamp benefits. Food stamp
recipients are no more likely than higher income consumers to choose foods with little nutritional
value; thus the basis for singling out low-income food stamp recipients and restricting their food
choices is not clear.
There are better ways to work towards the goal of healthier diets that do not require such restrictions.
Incentives – rather than restrictions – that encourage purchases of certain foods or expanded nutrition
education to enable participants to make healthy choices are more practical options and likely to be more
effective in achieving the dietary improvements that promote good health.