To answer your question, the way to do breakdowns is first to set the logs to a specific attempt/kill, then click on your name under the Damage Done section so that you bring up just your data.
At the top of this new window, there will be two tabs: "Report Info" and "Buff Details." Click on Buff Details. This will show you a graph of what your DPS looked like over the course of the entire fight as well as the raids average DPS. This is really helpful in figuring out where and why your damage was low and/or spiking. For example: I get really big peaks in my graph when I go into Execute phase or there's a burn phase on a boss and I get smaller peaks when I use things like Bloodbath.
Below those two tabs is another row of tabs for a bunch of different things ranging from healing done to death logs. Now to see when you used abilities, you would have to go to the expression editor or the log browser, but that's an entirely different animal. The thing that this breakdown does is it shows buffs and debuff uptimes. Click on "Buffs Cast" or "Buffs Gained." The difference between these is that buffs cast is ONLY buffs that you have directly used as well as debuffs that you have applied. It will not include lusts or Time warps or anything from another class. Lets start with Buffs Cast. Clicking on that brings up all the buffs that were up (including procs and weapon enchants) from you over the course of the fight, arranged in order of uptime. At the right of each buff is a "#" which will add that buff to the graph above. Click on them and play around with it to get a hang of how they work.
The way that I analyze logs is I first look at enrage vs berserker rage usage to see if I or anyone else has clipped the enrage buff by casting Berserker Rage while Enrage is already active. Next, I'll click on all of the cooldowns that could have possibly been used. This includes Reck, potion, synapse springs, bloodbath, avatar, trinket procs and deadly calm. Also, click CS under debuffs to display that as well. This may seem like a bunch of blocs and lines and graphs, but I promise it all means something. This is where the true understanding of the class and rotation comes in. You have to know when you should be combining your CDs and when you should be saving them. It gets a little more difficult when fight mechanics come into play but ill get to that after.
If you're playing fury properly, you'll be making the most of your CS windows and bursting into them. So at the top, tick the checkbox to the left of your CS display to put an overlay of when you used it on the graph. Ideally, your graph will start to spike here. You can alternate doing this same thing for buffs to see what effect it had on your dps vs what it should have done.
Lets take a step back now and say we want to compare ourselves to another warrior in raid to see why they're beating you/doing worse dps than you. Go back to the Damage Done window that shows the whole raids dps. Uncheck everyones name except for the two warriors. You'll get something like this:
The warriors are the brown lines and the average overall raid DPS is the orange line.
If you look at it, you'll notice that we have about the same damage break down with the exception of a couple spots where I peaked really high compared to him. This is what the individual breakdown is useful for. You go in, and look for those spikes in the smaller graph and determine the difference between the buffs that each had up at that particular time. That will usually give you the reason why one is higher but it also could be attributed to differences in raid target switching.