You put a lot of time into writing about whether or not you should have said something, and what you maybe should have done differently, if at all, etcetera. For starters, I think that if you were to put 10% of that time into thinking before you type stuff out of 'frustration', you'd have made progress already.
Secondly, I think it's giving a lot of weight to fairly insignificant things. There is such a thing as overanalysing.
Regardless, I do think there are probably ways of being more constructive. Instead of swearing or giving commands, put your frustration aside and say it as a request instead. If they don't listen, let them - you're probably not going to convince them, so wasting time trying to argue is pointless.
Example: "Hey, we kind of need your help in the team fights instead of running mid all the time; please help out next team fight
"
"FU Im way ahead of you guys"
"Whatever, suit yourself"
If you lose, you lose. You'll know it was partly on him, he'll know it was partly on him, he'll deny it to himself, and you'll have done your best. Nothing bad on you.