The St. Louisset sail from Hamburg to Cuba on May 13, 1939 under command of Captain Gustav Schröder, carrying 937 passengers, most of them Jewish refugees seeking asylum from Nazi persecution in Germany.
Captain Schröder was a German who went to great lengths to ensure dignified treatment for his passengers. Food served included items subject to rationing in Germany, and childcare was available while parents dined. Dances and concerts were put on, and on Friday evenings, religious services were held in the dining room. A bust of Hitler was covered by a tablecloth. Swimming lessons took place in the pool. Lothar Molton, a boy traveling with his parents, said that the passengers thought of it as "a vacation cruise to freedom".
Bound for Cuba, the ship dropped anchor at 04:00 on May 27 at the far end of the Havana Harbor but was denied entry to the usual docking areas. The Cuban government, headed by President Federico Laredo Brú, refused to accept the foreign refugees, although holding legal tourist visas to Cuba, as laws related to these had been recently changed. On May 5, 1939, four months before World War II began, Havana abandoned its pragmatic immigration policy, by virtue of Decree 937, which restricted entry of all foreigners except U.S. citizens, unless authorized by Cuban secretaries of state subject a bond of US $500.-". None of the passengers knew that their landing permits were invalidated retroactively.
After the ship had been in the harbour for five days, only 28 passengers were allowed to disembark in Cuba. Twenty-two were Jews who had valid United States visas; four were Spanish citizens and two were Cuban nationals, all with valid entry documents. The last admitted was the medical evacuee, a desperate passenger who attempted a suicide, and was allowed hospitalization in Havana.
Records show American officials Cordell Hull, Secretary of State and Henry Morgenthau, Secretary of the Treasury had made efforts to persuade Cuba to accept the refugees, quite like the failed attempts by the American Jewish "Joint" Distribution Committee, which pleaded with the government. After most passengers were refused landing in Cuba, Captain Schröder directed St. Louis and the remaining 907 refugees towards the United States. He circled off the coast of Florida, hoping for permission from authorities to enter the United States. Cordell Hull advised Franklin Roosevelt, president of the USA, not to accept the Jews. Captain Schröder considered running aground along the coast to allow the refugees to escape but, acting on Cordell Hull's instructions, United States Coast Guard vessels shadowed the ship and prevented this.