The number of EU citizens leaving the UK is at its highest level for a decade, figures from the Office for National Statistics show.
It estimates that 130,000 EU nationals emigrated in the year to September, the highest number since 2008.
Meanwhile, 220,000 EU nationals came to live in the UK - 47,000 fewer than the previous year.
Net EU migration - the difference between arrivals and departures - was 90,000, the lowest for five years.
The figures also show that more British people are emigrating than are returning to live in the UK.
Of those EU nationals arriving in the UK, fewer were coming for "work-related reasons", in particular to "look for work".
Nicola White, head of international migration statistics at the ONS, said: "Brexit could well be a factor in people's decision to move to or from the UK, but people's decision to migrate is complicated and can be influenced by lots of different reasons."
'More students'
By contrast, immigration from countries outside the European Union is going up which means the UK population is continuing to grow at a similar level to early 2014.
Some 285,000 non-EU citizens arrived in the UK in the 12-month period to September, and 80,000 departed.
This gives a net increase of 205,000, the highest for six years.
BBC home affairs correspondent Danny Shaw said this was largely driven by more people coming to study in the UK and an uncharacteristic dip in the previous year's figures that may have been corrected.
He also speculated whether firms were starting to struggle to recruit or retain people from the EU, forcing them to look outside the EU.
'Immigration mess'
Overall, net migration is estimated to have fallen by 29,000 to 244,000 in the same period.
This includes 73,000 British people coming back to the UK and 125,000 Britons leaving.
The overall net migration figure is still well short of the government's target to reduce net migration to below 100,000, a pledge made in the 2010, 2015 and 2017 Tory manifestos.
Labour's shadow home secretary Diane Abbott said net migration was still double the government's target and accused the Home Office of turning away qualified doctors despite a recruitment shortage in the NHS.
"This deficit hurts us all and highlights the immigration mess the government has created," she said.
The ONS figures also show that in 2017, the UK granted asylum, alternative forms of protection or resettlement to almost 15,000 people, 40% of whom were under 18.
Separate figures from the Home Office show there were 141,302 applications made for British citizenship in 2017, an increase of 8% on the previous year.
This was 39% lower than the peak of 232,262 in 2013.
There is evidence that more EU citizens, who have settled in the UK, are applying for citizenship, with applications more than doubling from 15,460 in 2016 to 38,528 in 2017.