They definitely didn't invent calculus. That was with Leibniz and Newton. Advancing "biology" doesn't mean anything significant. If I was the first person to write down in a book "grass is green" I would have advanced biology too. As for algorithms, I'm sure in a computer science framework there's a lot to be taught far beyond the basic idea of an algorithm. An algorithm is just a procedure. I.e. to post on MMO champ open your browser, select a threat, click reply, type something, then hit post. That's all an algorithm is, a common sense idea someone formalized in literature.
If it's simple enough to teach to a 10 year old, it's not really an impressive intellectual achievement. Lots of things are important, but their discovery isn't a great feat of accomplishment. Burning hydrocarbons has been essential in the industrial revolution, yet we don't call the first person to make a fire a genius. The point is that simple discoveries, although potentially important, are not the hallmark of a great civilization. A great civilization would accomplish things over civilizations would fail to do, and I don't see that coming out of the islamic golden era.