The third round of sanctions was faced with criticism by numerous EU politicians, businesspeople and officials who saw them as counterproductive and/or harmful to the European economy. The Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban stated that Europe “shot itself in foot” by introducing economic sanctions.[48] In the words of the Bulgarian Prime Minister Boiko Borisov: “I don’t know how Russia is affected by the sanctions, but Bulgaria is affected severely”;[49] Czech President Milos Zeman also argued that the sanctions should be lifted.[50]
According to Franco Frattini,[51] Romano Prodi,[52] and Thierry Mariani,[53] the sanctions have no negative consequences for the U. S., but can be costly for the European Union; Frattini also expressed concern that Russia could make a turn to the East, severing economic ties with Europe in favor of China and Asian countries. His succeedor Paolo Gentilioni agreed that the sanctions “are not the solution to the conflict”.[54] Conversely, the German Economy Minister Sigmar Gabriel said that the sanctions are harming Russia more than Germany; however, he suggested that the conflict should be resolved by dialogue rather than economic confrontation and "NATO sabre-rattling on the Russian border".[55] In January 2015 he added that the reinforcement of anti-Russian sanctions will “provoke an even more dangerous situation… in Europe”.[56]
The German business sector, with around 30000 workplaces depending on trade with Russia, reported being hit by the sanctions,[57] and pressured Angela Merkel to remove them. A number of business figures, like Heinrich Weiss, retracted their support for Merkel’s party Christian Democratic Union in favor of Alternative for Germany, which opposes the introduction of sanctions.[58] Some French company executives, including Jean Francois Cirelli, the late Christophe de Margerie,[59] and his succeedor Patrick Pouyanne,[60] criticized the tightening of economic pressure on Russia, maintaining that business relations should be placed above political issues. According to Federico Ghizzoni, the CEO of UniCredit, “the sanctions have caused Russia problems and… (they are) even bigger for Europe”.[61]
It is also believed by some that the EU countries have been pressured by the U. S. into joining the sanctions.[62][63] As was stated by the US Vice-President Joe Biden: "It was America's leadership and the president of the United States insisting, oft times almost having to embarrass Europe to stand up and take economic hits to impose costs".[64]