I'll explain it as good as i can.
Archaeology is a secondary proffesion, just like First Aid or Fishing, anyone can have it while having 2 other proffesions. Basically, you go around kinda mining stuff up from the ground, could be rare items, normal crap or even mounts and titles. Also, you can dig up a "path of the titans" think there are about 30 different, giving you rewards, the most rewarding thing in the path of the titans is ancient glyphs, giving you bonus stuff, like more health from bandages, less damage taken, more damage done, lots of stuff.. Here's a pic:
http://www.blogcdn.com/www.wow.com/m...blizzcon09.jpg
Showing path of Golganneth. I hope this answered some of your questions :P