Well, to go a step further, what the desired outcome of a carbon tax program is that the costs for wasteful carbon-emission-heavy processes will increase, and the costs of green energy will stay flat. GHG-emitting processes will become economically unfeasible, and just to save money, people will increase investment into green energy diversification. It'll be cheaper to build windmills and local solar and hydro and geothermal, than it is to build coal, oil, or natural gas-burning plants.
The goal isn't to make people pay more, it's to increase costs and drive social change through self-interest.
Depends on if you're trying to address the physical changes in the climate (in which case you'd need to look at science), or if you're trying to address the society's behaviour that's contributing to the problem (in which case, yeah, economics. Duh.)