Dr Bharat:Our first recipient had severe deconditioning, malnourishment, sepsis, acute kidney injury, a necrotizing pneumonia, and spontaneous bleeding into a lung and her liver. This is not the typical profile of standard lung transplant patients who, for the most part, are on oxygen but come from home and have participated in outpatient pulmonary and physical rehabilitation so are fairly strong. Also, the surgery itself is much more challenging for patients with COVID-19. While a typical double lung transplant takes about 6 hours, in patients with COVID-19 the average operative time is 10 to 12 hours. These patients have scar tissue in the chest that is actively inflamed and tends to bleed a lot, requiring an average of 10 units of blood transfusion in the operating room compared with 5½ units of blood for a typical double lung transplant recipient. Postoperatively, patients with COVID-19 have a higher incidence of primary graft dysfunction early on and tend to have a much longer ICU stay. But once they get beyond the first couple of weeks, they tend to recover quickly and catch up to the trajectory of a standard lung transplant by about 4 to 6 weeks. All the patients with COVID-19 in whom we’ve performed lung transplants so far have had 100% survival.