What the criminal referrals said
Reflecting on the hundreds of rioters who pleaded or were found guilty for their actions on Jan. 6, 2021, Rep. Jamie Raskin, D-Md., said the select committee was compelled to move against the former president.
"Ours is not a system of justice, where foot soldiers go to jail, and the masterminds and ringleaders get a free pass," Raskin said.
For the first criminal offense, the committee invoked 18 USC 1512, which makes it unlawful to obstruct, influence or impede any official proceeding. According to federal guidelines, the offense carries a maximum sentence of 20 years.
The committee argued in an executive summary that Congress' Joint Session to certify the result of the 2020 presidential election should be considered an "official proceeding" under that section of the criminal code. It cited a number of federal court cases.
"Based on the evidence developed, Trump was attempting to prevent or delay the counting of lawful certified Electoral College votes from multiple States," a summary of the committee's report read. Trump was "personally involved in this effort."
The committee referenced both Trump's public pressure on Pence to curtail the certification of the election, and a plan to create and submit fraudulent electoral slates.
The second criminal offense against Trump, Eastman and others is centered on 18 USC 371, or a conspiracy to commit offense or defraud the U.S. government. The maximum prison sentence recommended by federal guidelines is five years.
According to the executive summary, the select committee found evidence that Trump and Eastman entered into a "formal or informal agreement" to participate in a multipart plan to "obstruct a lawful certification of the election."
The committee also noted that Jeffrey Clark, a former Justice Department lawyer, stood out as a participant in the conspiracy, adding that evidence suggests he entered into an agreement with Trump to send a letter to state officials about appointing new electors if appointed acting attorney general.
"There were numerous overt acts in furtherance of the agreement, including each of the parts of the President's effort to overturn the election," the committee wrote. "These included, but certainly were not limited to, direct pleas to the Vice President to reject electors or delay certification, including in Oval Office meetings."
Third, the select committee said Trump violated 18 USC 1001 by conspiring to submit "slates of fake electors to Congress and the National Archives." The charge carries a maximum sentence of five years.
The Justice Department outlines three requirements for a false statement to fall under that section of the criminal code: the act or statement must be material; done within the "jurisdiction of a department or agency" of the U.S.; and done "knowingly and willingly."
"There should be no question that Section 1001 applies here," the committee wrote in an executive summary. "The false electoral slates were provided both to the Executive Branch (the National Archives) and the Legislative Branch."
The committee conceded that some signatories of the fake slates had believed such certificates would only be used if Trump was successful in his lawsuits challenging election results — but it did not extend such concessions to the former president.
The fourth and final statute, the committee claimed, Trump violated is 18 USC 2383, which applies to anyone who "incites, sets on foot, assists, or engages in any rebellion or insurrection against the authority of the U.S." The charge carries a maximum sentence of 10 years, according to federal guidelines.
Trump's repeated calls to march to the Capitol and tweet referencing Pence are cited by the committee as evidence of the former president's incitement of the violent mob. It also referenced his initial refusal to condemn the violence.
The committee described Trump's actions as throwing "gasoline on the fire." The committee also noted that Trump openly professed his "love" for the rioters and has since said he would pardon those involved in the attack.
"These are not the only statutes that are potentially relevant to Trump's conduct related to the 2020 election, depending on evidence developed by the Department of Justice, the president's actions could certainly trigger other criminal violations," Raskin said at the Dec. 19 hearing.